καί,
conjunction, copulative, joining words and sentences,
A)
and; also
adverb,
even, also, just, frequently expressing emphatic assertion or assent, corresponding as positive to the negative οὐ (μή) or οὐδέ (μηδέ). copulative,
and,
A.I) joining words or sentences to those preceding, ἦ, καὶ κυανέῃσιν ἐπ᾽ ὀφρύσινεῦσε Κρονίων [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: repeated with two or more Nouns, αἱ δὲ ἔλαφοι κ. δορκάδες κ. οἱ ἄγριοι οἶες κ. οἱ ὄνοι οἱ ἄγριοι [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; joining only the last pair, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὁ ὄχλος πλείων κ. πλείων ἐπέρρει more
and more, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; to add epithets after πολύς, πολλὰ κ. ἐσθλά [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.I.2) to addalimiting or defining expression, πρὸς μακρὸν ὄρος κ. Κύνθιον ὄχθον to the mountain
and specially to, [
Refs 5th c.BC+] (sometimes in reverse order, πρὸς δῶμα Διὸς κ. μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; to add by way of climax, θεῶν. κ. Ποσειδῶνος all the gods,
and above all. , [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; frequently ἄλλοι τε καί, ἄλλως τε καί, see at {ἄλλος} [
Refs]; ὀλίγου τινὸς ἄξια κ. οὐδενός little
or nothing, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. ταῦτα
and this
too. , γελᾶν ἀναπείθειν, κ. ταῦθ᾽ οὕτω πολέμιον ὄντα τῷ γέλωτι [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.II) at the beginning of a sentence,
A.II.1) in appeals or requests, καί μοι δὸς τὴν Χεῖρα [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; καί μοι λέγε, καί μοι ἀπόκριναι, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; frequently in Oratt, καί μοι λέγε. τὸ ψήφισμα, καί μοι ἀνάγνωθι, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.II.2) in questions, to introduce an objection or express surprise, κ. τίς τόδ᾽ ἐξίκοιτ᾽ ἂν ἀγγέλων τάχο; [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; κ. πῶς;
pray how? [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. δὴ τί;
but then what? [
Refs]; κ. ποῖον; [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. τίς εἶδε πώποτε βοῦς κριβανίτα; [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; κἄπειτ᾽ ἔκανε; [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. τίς πώποτε Χαριζόμενος ἑτέρῳ τοῦτο εἰργάσατ; [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.II.3) ={καίτοι},
and yet, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.II.4) at the beginning of a speech, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.III) after words implying sameness or like ness,
as, γνώμῃσι ἐχρέωντο ὁμοίῃσι κ. σύ they had the same opinion
as you, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἴσον or ἴσα κ, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐν ἴσῳ (i.e. ἐστὶ) κ. εἰ. [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.III.2) after words implying comparison or opposition, αἱ δαπάναι οὐχ ὁμοίως κ. πρίν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.III.3) to express simultaneity, ἦν ἦμαρ δεύτερον, κἀγὼ κατηγόμην [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; παρέρχονταί τε μέσαι νύκτες κ. ψύχεται [τὸ ὕδωρ] [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; [οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι] οὐκ ἔφθασαν τὴν ἀρχὴν κατασχόντες κ. Θηβαίοις εὐθὺς ἐπεβούλευσαν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.IV) joining an affirmative clause with a
negative, ἀλλ᾽ ὥς τι δράσων εἷρπε κοὐ θανούμενος [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.V) καί, καί. correlative,
not only, but also. , κ. ἀεὶ κ. νῦν, κ. τότε κ. νῦν, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VI) by anacoluthon, ὣς φαμένη κ. κερδοσύνῃ ἡγήσατ᾽ Ἀθήνη, for ὣς ἔφη κ, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἔρχεται δὲ αὐτή τε. κ. τὸν υἱὸν ἔχουσα, for κ. ὁ υἱός, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B)
even, also, just,
B.1) τάχα κεν κ. ἀναίτιον αἰτιόῳτο
even the innocent, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; δόμεναι κ. μεῖζον ἄεθλον an
even greater prize, [
Refs]
full five,[
Refs 5th c.BC+] two
or three, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.2)
also, κ. ἐγώ I
also, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; κ. αὐτοί they
also, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; Ἀγίας καὶ Σωκράτης κ. τούτω ἀπεθανέτην
likewise died, [
Refs]; in adding surnames, etc, Ὦχος ὁ κ. Δαρειαῖος [
Refs 5th c.BC+];
nominative ὁ κ. first in [
Refs 1st c.BC+], frequently later, [
Refs 2nd c.AD+], etc; Ἰούδας ὁ κ. Μακκαβαῖος [
NT+8th c.BC+]; εἴπερ τι κ. ἄλλο, ὥς τις κ. ἄλλος, [
Refs 5th c.BC+], not only, but
also. , see at {μόνος}; οὐδὲν μᾶλλον. ἢ οὐ καὶ. [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.2.b) frequently used both in the
antecedent and
relative clause, where we put
also in the
antecedent only, εἰ μὲν κ. σὺ εἶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὧνπερ κ. ἐγώ [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.3) frequently in apodosi, after temporal Conjs, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε δή ῥα, κ. τότε δή. [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; also after εἰ, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: as a Hebraism, κ. ἐγένετο. κ. [
LXX+NT]
B.4) with Advs, to give emphasis, κ. κάρτα [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. λίην
full surely, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; κ. πάλαι, κ. πάνυ, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. μάλα, κ. σφόδρα, in answers, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.5) with words expressing a minimum,
even so much as, were it but, just, ἱέμενος κ. καπνὸν ἀποθρῴσκοντα νοῆσαι [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; οἷς ἡδὺ κ. λέγειν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τίς δὲ κ. προσβλέψετα; who will
so much as look at you? [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.6)
just, τοῦτ᾽ αὐτὸ κ. νοσοῦμεν 'tis
just that that ails me, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: frequently with a
relative, τὸ κ. κλαίουσα τέτηκα [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; and
how long ago was the city sacked? [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; ποῦ καί σφε θάπτε;
where is he burying her? [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.7)
even, just, implying assent, ἔπειτά με κ. λίποι αἰών thereafter let life
e'en leave me, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.8) κ. εἰ
even if, of a whole condition represented as an extreme case, opposed to εἰ κ.
although, notwithstanding that, of a condition represented as immaterial even if fulfilled,[
Refs 8th c.BC+]; εἰ κ. ἠπιστάμην if I
had been able, [
Refs 5th c.BC+] each exert their force separtely, as εἴ περ ἀδειής τ᾽ ἐστί, καὶ εἰ.
and if. [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.9) before a Participle, to represent either καὶ εἰ, or εἰ καί,
although, albeit, Ἕκτορα κ. μεμαῶτα μάχης σχήσεσθαι ὀΐω, for ἢν κ. μεμάῃ,
how much soever he rage,
although he rage, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
C) Position: καί
and, is by Poets sometimes put after another word, ἔγνωκα, τοῖσδε κοὐδὲν ἀντειπεῖν ἔχω, for καὶ τοῖσδε οὐδέν [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
C.2) καί
also, sometimes goes between a
preposition and its case, ἐν κ. θαλάσσᾳ [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.3) very seldom at the end of a verse, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
D) crasis: with ᾰ, as κἄν, κἀγαθοί, etc; with ε, as κἀγώ, κἄπειτα, etc,
Doric dialect κἠγώ, κἤπειτα, etc; with η, as Χἠ, Χἠμέρη, Χἠμεῖς, etc; with ῐ in Χἰκετεύετε, Χἰλαρ; with ο, as Χὠ, Χὤστις, etc; with υ in Χὐμεῖς, Χὐποχείριον, etc; with ω in the
pronoun ᾧ, Χ; with αι, as κᾀσχρῶ; with αυ, as καὐτό; with ει, as κεἰ, κεἰς (but also κἀς), κᾆτ; with εὐ, as κεὐγένεια, κεὐσταλή; with οι in Χοἰ (Χᾠ [
Refs]; with ου in Χοὖτος, κοὐ, κοὐδέ, and the like.