harsh

Greek Adjective

χαλεπός, -ή, -όν [in LXX: Isa.18:2 (יָרֵא), Wis.3:19, Sir.3:21, al;] hard; (a) hard to do or deal with, difficult; (b) hard to bear, painful, grievous: καιροί, 2Ti.3:1; (with) of persons, hard to deal with, harsh, fierce, savage: Mat.8:28. (AS)

harsh

Greek Adjective

χαλεπ-ός, ή, όν, difficult (ὃ ἂν μὴ ῥᾴδιον ᾖ ἀλλὰ διὰ πολλῶν πραγμάτων γίγνηται [Refs 5th c.BC+] I) in reference to the feelings, hard to bear, painful, grievous (so frequently in [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἄλλα τῶν κατεχόντων πρηγμάτων - ώτερα [Refs 5th c.BC+]; χαλεπώτατα [πράγματα] [Refs 5th c.BC+]; νόσος, πλάνη, etc, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἡ ἐσβολὴ αὕτη -ωτάτη τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἐγένετο [Refs 5th c.BC+]; [θώρακες] δύσφοροι καὶ χ, of ill-fitting cuirasses, [Refs 5th c.BC+] the severity of the wind, [Refs]; τὰ χ. hardships, opposed to τὰ τερπνά, [Refs 5th c.BC+]: comparative, more unpleasant, [Refs 4th c.AD+] I.2) hard to do or deal with, difficult, irksome, -ώτατον ἔργον ἁπάντων [Refs 5th c.BC+]; χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά proverbial cited in [Refs 5th c.BC+], attributed to Solon by Scholia (at [prev. work]); χαλεπὸν ὁ βίος [Refs 5th c.BC+]infinitive active or middle, χαλεπή τοι ἐγὼ μένος ἀντιφέρεσθαι, = {χαλεπόν ἐστί μοι ἀντιφέρεσθαί σοι}, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; χαλεπὸν δέ τ᾽ ὀρύσσειν [τὸ μῶλυ] [Refs 8th c.BC+]; χ. συγγενέσθαι, εὑρεῖν, γενέσθαι, [Refs 5th c.BC+]: also with infinitive passive, χαλεπὸς διαγνωσθῆναι καὶ δειχθῆναι [Refs 5th c.BC+]; χαλεπόν [ἐστι] with infinitive, 'tis hard, difficult to do, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; with accusative et infinitive, 'tis difficult for one to do, [Refs 8th c.BC+]: with dative et infinitive, [Refs 8th c.BC+] I.3) dangerous, λιμένες [Refs 5th c.BC+] I.4) of ground, difficult, rugged, χωρία χ. καὶ πετρώδη [Refs 5th c.BC+]; χωρίον -ώτατον a place most difficult to take, [Refs] II) of persons, hard to deal with, cruel, harsh, stern (opposed to πρᾷος, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; -ώτερος a more bitter enemy, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; -ώτατοι most difficult to deal with, most dangerous or troublesome, [Refs 4th c.BC+]: with dative person, cruel or harsh towards one, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, τοὺς ἀγνῶτας, [Refs 5th c.BC+] II.b) of words, χαλεπῷ ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ [Refs 8th c.BC+]; χ. ὀνείδεα, ὁμοκλαί, [Refs 8th c.BC+] II.c) especially of judges, ἦν τὸ δίκαιον φυλάσσων χ. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; νόμοι [Refs 4th c.BC+] II.d) savage, fierce, κύνες [Refs 5th c.BC+]; of bees, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; [θηρία] χ. τὰς φύσεις [Refs 5th c.BC+] II.2) ill-tempered, testy, χ. ὢν καὶ δύσκολος [Refs 5th c.BC+]; χαλεπῇ τῇ χειρί with a rough hand, [Refs 5th c.BC+] II.3) of plants, hurtful to the soil, [Refs 4th c.BC+] B) adverb -πῶς hardly, with difficulty, διαγνῶναι χ. ἦν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον [Refs 8th c.BC+] οὐ or μὴ χ. without much ado, [Refs 5th c.BC+] B.2) hardly, scarcely, δοκέω. χ. ἂν Ἕλληνας Πέρσῃσι μάχεσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+] B.3) χ. ἔχει, ={χαλεπόν ἐστι}, [Refs 5th c.BC+]: with accusative et infinitive, [Refs 5th c.BC+] B.4) painfully, miserably, -ώτερον ζῆν [Refs 5th c.BC+] B.II) of persons, angrily, cruelly, harshly, χ. τιμωρεῖσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+]; χ. φέρειν τι take it ill, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; also χ. ἔφερον τῷ πολέμῳ, τοῖς πράγμασιν, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; of the laws [Refs 5th c.BC+] B.II.2) frequently in the phrase χ. ἔχειν to be angry, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τινι with one, [Refs 5th c.BC+] χ. ἔχειν τισὶν ἐπί τινι with persons for a thing, [Refs 5th c.BC+] B.II.2.b) χ. ἔχειν, also, to be in a bad way, χ. ἔχω ὑπὸ τοῦ πότου [Refs 5th c.BC+]— Beside the regular comparative χαλεπώτερον [Refs 5th c.BC+] we have -ωτέρως[Refs 5th c.BC+]: superlative -ώτατα[Refs 5th c.BC+]

Greek

Adjective

difficult, i.e. dangerous, or (by implication) furious; fierce, perilous; perhaps from g5465 (χαλάω) through the idea of reducing the strength